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Basic Facts About Cancer

Cancer is a disease in which the bodycancers are related to tobacco products
cells grow uncontrollably because theirsuch as cigarettes and cigars. 10% of
normal regulatory mechanisms have beenskin cancer cases are related to the sun
damaged. There are literally hundreds ofand UV rays. 7% of lymphoma, leukaemia,
different types and subtypes of cancerbone cancer and liver cancer cases are
however the majority form solid tumoursrelated to viruses such as Epstein Barr,
in specific areas of the body. The mostHIV, Hepatitis C etc. Pesticides and
common cancers are skin cancer, breastchemicals, or occupational factors
cancer, lung cancer, bowel cancer andfigure into 4% or mouth, throat, stomach
prostate cancer. Unfortunately theand lymphoma cancer cases. Approx 3% of
disease is very proficient at spreadingstomach, colon and liver cancer have
through the blood and the lymphaticbeen linked to excessive consumption of
system and so in advanced cancer casesalchohol.
it is not uncommon to see secondaryAging and Cancer
tumours in far off areas of the body.Cancer is most common among older
The Genetics of Cancerpeople, largely because their cells have
One of the most important breakthroughshad more time to accumulate genetic
in cancer research came in the latedamage, but also because the body's
1970s when scientists discovered thatdefences against cancer, particularly
all types of cancer begin with thethe cells and proteins of the immune
genetic material within normal bodysystem, gradually become less efficient
cells becoming damaged. Every cellwith age. In addition a cancer that
contains genetic information in the formbegan earlier in life may not be
of more than 90,000 pairs of genes whichdiagnosed until old age because it can
work together to control the activitiestake years for some types of cancer,
of the cell. A cell can become cancerousmost noticeably prostate cancer, to grow
when specific genes, such as those thatlarge enough to produce noticeable
control division, become damaged beyondsymptoms.
repair. How and why genes become damagedBecause life expectancy has increased
is still a hot topic for researchdramatically over the last 50 years it
however it would seem that faulty genesmeans that cancer is now one of the most
are either inherited or they are causedcommon causes of death in the developed
by carcinogens (cancer-causing agents),world, second only to coronary heart
for example sunlight and cigarettedisease.
smoke.Cancer treatment today
Our body cells are continually exposedFor over 2000 years, doctors have
to carcinogens however in the majorityattempted to cure cancer by surgically
of cases cancer doesn't develop. Thereremoving visible tumours. For some
are a number of reasons why this is so,localised cancers radiotherapy is very
for example:effective and this treatment is often
· Cells can normally repair their owncombined with surgery with the aim of
damaged genes so that they continue toachieving a cure. Treatment with
function properly. · More than one geneanti-cancer drugs, known as
has to be damaged in order for cancer tochemotherapy, may be used instead of or
develop.in combination with surgery to destroy
· The body's immune system can normallycancers that have unfortunately already
kill any cancer cells before they getspread around the body.
the chance to multiply and form aNew therapies for the treatment of
tumour.cancer that are currently being assessed
The Causes of Cancerinclude inactivating the damaged genes
Although most cancers appear to beso that they no longer send messages to
caused by several factors, includingthe cell, and boosting the body's
genetic/inherited ones, a mainnatural immune system so that it has the
environmental cause can often beability to destroy any cancerous cells.
identified for a particular cancer i.e.These therapies are still in the
smoking cigarettes is commonlyexperimental phase however both the
associated with lung cancer.American Cancer Society and the National
Approximately 35% of stomach cancer andCancer Institute of the UK, i.e. Cancer
prostate cancer cases are related toResearch, are working towards making
diets of unhealthy foods with little orthem viable treatment options for future
no fresh fruit and vegetables. 30% ofgeneration.
lung, breast, colon, cervical and throat



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