| The prostate is a glandular organ present | | | | |
| only in males. It surrounds the neck of | | | | 5) Signs of metastasis:- |
| bladder & the first part of urethra and | | | | |
| condributes a secretion to the semen. The | | | | Some patients come with the signs and |
| gland is conical in shape and measures 3 cm | | | | symptoms of metastasis.a) Lumbo sacral pain |
| in vertical diameter and 4 cm in transverse | | | | due to spread of cancer cells to lumbar and |
| diameter.It has got five lobes | | | | sacral vertebrae.b) Fracture of spine due to |
| anterior,posterior,two lateral and a median | | | | cancerous growth in the spine.c) Swelling, |
| lobe. Since the first part of the urethra | | | | pain and fluid collection in the abdomen due |
| pass through it any lesion in the prostate | | | | to lesion in the abdomen.d) Respiratory |
| will produce difficulty in passing urine. | | | | complaints due to cancer of mediastinal |
| | | | lymphnodes and lungs.e) General weakness due |
| Some diseases of the prostate gland include | | | | to spread of cancer to different parts of the |
| the following: | | | | body.f) Anaemia due to involment of bone |
| | | | marrow and increased destruction of RBCs. |
| 1) Prostatitis:- | | | | |
| | | | Clinical examination :- |
| This is the inflamation of the prostate gland | | | | |
| due to bacterial infection. | | | | Includes per rectal examination to feel the |
| | | | prostate gland, palpation of abdomen to feel |
| 2) Benign enlargement of the prostate:- | | | | the swelling in kidneys and any tumours. |
| | | | Patient is examined from head to foot to find |
| This is a non cancerous tumour of the | | | | out any lesions. |
| prostate seen after the age of 50. 3,Cancer | | | | |
| of the prostate:-This is the 4th most common | | | | Investigations:- |
| cause of death from malignant diseases in | | | | |
| males. | | | | 1) Complete blood investigations;- |
| | | | |
| Cancer of the prostate. | | | | RBC,WBC,Platlets,ESR,bleeding time ,clotting |
| | | | time ect. |
| Cancer of the prostate is directly linked | | | | |
| with the male sex hormones(androgens). If | | | | 2) Urine analysis:- |
| the levels of sex hormone increases the | | | | |
| growth rate of cancer also increases. It is | | | | Microscopic examination to detect pus |
| found that after the removel of testes there | | | | cells,occult blood,casts,Crystals ect. |
| is marked reduction in the size of tumour. | | | | |
| | | | 3) Renal function tests:- |
| Site of tumour:- | | | | |
| | | | Blood urea level,serum creatinine |
| Prostate cancer is seen mainly in the | | | | level,electrolyte level ect. |
| posterior lobe. Non cancerous enlargement is | | | | |
| seen in other lobes. | | | | 4) Serum acid phosphatase:- |
| | | | |
| Changes in the gland in cancer:- | | | | Increased in cancer of prostate. |
| | | | |
| The gland becomes hard with irregular surface | | | | 5) x-ray of the spine:- |
| with loss of normal lobulation. | | | | |
| Histologically prostate cancer is an adeno | | | | To detect any tumour or fracture. |
| carcinoma(cancer of the epithelial cells in | | | | |
| the gland) | | | | 6) Ultra sonography;- |
| | | | |
| Growth :- | | | | Gives idea about prostate,bladder,kidney ect. |
| | | | |
| Growth rate is very fast in prostate cancer. | | | | 7) C T scan:- |
| The tumour compresses the urethra and produce | | | | |
| difficulty in urination. | | | | More detailed information about organs and |
| | | | tumour. |
| Spread of tumour:- | | | | |
| | | | 8) MRI of the spine:- |
| Metastasis in cancer of prostate is very | | | | |
| early. | | | | Gives detailed information about spine ,disc |
| | | | and nearby soft tissues. |
| 1) Local spread:- | | | | |
| | | | 9) Lymphangiography:- |
| From the posterior lobe the cancer cells go | | | | |
| to the lateral lobes and seminal vesicles. | | | | Gives idea about lymphatic spread of cancer. |
| Tumour cells also move to the neck and base | | | | |
| of the urinary bladder. | | | | 10) Biopsy to confirm cancer:- |
| | | | |
| 2) Lymphatic spread:- | | | | Biopsy is taken from the tumour and is send |
| | | | for histopathological examination under the |
| Through the lymph vessels cancer cells reach | | | | microscope. This will detect the presence of |
| the internal and external illiac group of | | | | cancer cells. |
| lymph nodes. From there cells move to | | | | |
| retroperitonial(Behind the peritonium) and | | | | Treatment:- |
| mediastinal lymph nodes(in the chest) | | | | |
| | | | 1) If there is retention of urine |
| 3) Spread through the blood:- | | | | catheterisation is needed. 2) Dialysis if |
| | | | kidney failure. 3) If there is coma |
| Spread of cancer cells takeplace through the | | | | monitoring of all vital functions along with |
| periprostatic venous plexus and reaches the | | | | parentral nutrition and electolyte supply. 4) |
| vertebral veins while coughing and sneezing | | | | Specific treatment is prostatectomy(removal |
| and finally enders the vertebral bodies of | | | | of prostate) |
| the lumbar vertebrae. | | | | |
| | | | Partial prostatectomy :- |
| Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:-- | | | | |
| | | | Here only the affected lobe is removed. |
| Signs and symptoms depend upon the stage of | | | | |
| the cancer. The following symptoms may be | | | | Radical prostatectomy :- |
| seen. | | | | |
| | | | Total removal of prostate along with nearby |
| 1) No symptoms:- | | | | lymphnodes. |
| | | | |
| Tumour is small and only in the posterior | | | | 5, Hormone therapy :- |
| lobe. This is diagnosed accidentely. | | | | |
| | | | Stilbestrol is given to reduce tumour |
| 2) Slight difficulty in urination:- | | | | growth.Since this treatement increases the |
| | | | chance for cardiovascular disease |
| Here the tumour is enlarged and urethra is | | | | phosphorylated diethyle stilbesterol is used |
| slightly compressed. Shortly there will be | | | | nowadays. |
| frequent urge for urination with difficult | | | | |
| urination. | | | | 6) Chemotherapy:-Drugs like cyclophosphamide, |
| | | | cisoplatim ect are given. |
| 3) When the tumour spread to all nearby areas | | | | |
| including neck of bladder and urethra there | | | | 7) Radiotherapy is also done for some cases. |
| will be painful urination with bleeding.Urine | | | | |
| comes drop by drop. | | | | 8) Homoeopathy:- |
| | | | |
| 4) Retention of urine:- | | | | Homoeopathic drugs like carcinocin, conium, |
| | | | sabal, crotalus, thuja, iodum, selinium, |
| When the urethra is completely compressed | | | | staphysagria, sulphur ect can be given |
| there will be retention of urine. This can | | | | according to symptoms. Constitutional |
| lead to hydronephrosis, renal failure ect.In | | | | homoeopathic medicine will give great relief |
| this condition patient may get convulsions | | | | and can increase the life span. |
| due to renal failure and finally coma. | | | | |