| The prostate is a glandular organ present only in | | | | hydronephrosis, renal failure ect.In this condition |
| males. It surrounds the neck of bladder & the first | | | | patient may get convulsions due to renal failure and |
| part of urethra and condributes a secretion to the | | | | finally coma. |
| semen. The gland is conical in shape and measures 3 | | | | 5) Signs of metastasis:- |
| cm in vertical diameter and 4 cm in transverse | | | | Some patients come with the signs and symptoms |
| diameter.It has got five lobes anterior,posterior,two | | | | of metastasis.a) Lumbo sacral pain due to spread of |
| lateral and a median lobe. Since the first part of the | | | | cancer cells to lumbar and sacral vertebrae.b) |
| urethra pass through it any lesion in the prostate will | | | | Fracture of spine due to cancerous growth in the |
| produce difficulty in passing urine. | | | | spine.c) Swelling, pain and fluid collection in the |
| Some diseases of the prostate gland include the | | | | abdomen due to lesion in the abdomen.d) Respiratory |
| following: | | | | complaints due to cancer of mediastinal lymphnodes |
| 1) Prostatitis:- | | | | and lungs.e) General weakness due to spread of |
| This is the inflamation of the prostate gland due to | | | | cancer to different parts of the body.f) Anaemia due |
| bacterial infection. | | | | to involment of bone marrow and increased |
| 2) Benign enlargement of the prostate:- | | | | destruction of RBCs. |
| This is a non cancerous tumour of the prostate seen | | | | Clinical examination :- |
| after the age of 50. 3,Cancer of the prostate:-This is | | | | Includes per rectal examination to feel the prostate |
| the 4th most common cause of death from | | | | gland, palpation of abdomen to feel the swelling in |
| malignant diseases in males. | | | | kidneys and any tumours. Patient is examined from |
| Cancer of the prostate. | | | | head to foot to find out any lesions. |
| Cancer of the prostate is directly linked with the male | | | | Investigations:- |
| sex hormones(androgens). If the levels of sex | | | | 1) Complete blood investigations;- |
| hormone increases the growth rate of cancer also | | | | RBC,WBC,Platlets,ESR,bleeding time ,clotting time ect. |
| increases. It is found that after the removel of | | | | 2) Urine analysis:- |
| testes there is marked reduction in the size of | | | | Microscopic examination to detect pus cells,occult |
| tumour. | | | | blood,casts,Crystals ect. |
| Site of tumour:- | | | | 3) Renal function tests:- |
| Prostate cancer is seen mainly in the posterior lobe. | | | | Blood urea level,serum creatinine level,electrolyte level |
| Non cancerous enlargement is seen in other lobes. | | | | ect. |
| Changes in the gland in cancer:- | | | | 4) Serum acid phosphatase:- |
| The gland becomes hard with irregular surface with | | | | Increased in cancer of prostate. |
| loss of normal lobulation. Histologically prostate cancer | | | | 5) x-ray of the spine:- |
| is an adeno carcinoma(cancer of the epithelial cells in | | | | To detect any tumour or fracture. |
| the gland) | | | | 6) Ultra sonography;- |
| Growth :- | | | | Gives idea about prostate,bladder,kidney ect. |
| Growth rate is very fast in prostate cancer. The | | | | 7) C T scan:- |
| tumour compresses the urethra and produce | | | | More detailed information about organs and tumour. |
| difficulty in urination. | | | | 8) MRI of the spine:- |
| Spread of tumour:- | | | | Gives detailed information about spine ,disc and |
| Metastasis in cancer of prostate is very early. | | | | nearby soft tissues. |
| 1) Local spread:- | | | | 9) Lymphangiography:- |
| From the posterior lobe the cancer cells go to the | | | | Gives idea about lymphatic spread of cancer. |
| lateral lobes and seminal vesicles. Tumour cells also | | | | 10) Biopsy to confirm cancer:- |
| move to the neck and base of the urinary bladder. | | | | Biopsy is taken from the tumour and is send for |
| 2) Lymphatic spread:- | | | | histopathological examination under the microscope. |
| Through the lymph vessels cancer cells reach the | | | | This will detect the presence of cancer cells. |
| internal and external illiac group of lymph nodes. From | | | | Treatment:- |
| there cells move to retroperitonial(Behind the | | | | 1) If there is retention of urine catheterisation is |
| peritonium) and mediastinal lymph nodes(in the chest) | | | | needed. 2) Dialysis if kidney failure. 3) If there is |
| 3) Spread through the blood:- | | | | coma monitoring of all vital functions along with |
| Spread of cancer cells takeplace through the | | | | parentral nutrition and electolyte supply. 4) Specific |
| periprostatic venous plexus and reaches the vertebral | | | | treatment is prostatectomy(removal of prostate) |
| veins while coughing and sneezing and finally enders | | | | Partial prostatectomy :- |
| the vertebral bodies of the lumbar vertebrae. | | | | Here only the affected lobe is removed. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:-- | | | | Radical prostatectomy :- |
| Signs and symptoms depend upon the stage of the | | | | Total removal of prostate along with nearby |
| cancer. The following symptoms may be seen. | | | | lymphnodes. |
| 1) No symptoms:- | | | | 5, Hormone therapy :- |
| Tumour is small and only in the posterior lobe. This is | | | | Stilbestrol is given to reduce tumour growth.Since this |
| diagnosed accidentely. | | | | treatement increases the chance for cardiovascular |
| 2) Slight difficulty in urination:- | | | | disease phosphorylated diethyle stilbesterol is used |
| Here the tumour is enlarged and urethra is slightly | | | | nowadays. |
| compressed. Shortly there will be frequent urge for | | | | 6) Chemotherapy:-Drugs like cyclophosphamide, |
| urination with difficult urination. | | | | cisoplatim ect are given. |
| 3) When the tumour spread to all nearby areas | | | | 7) Radiotherapy is also done for some cases. |
| including neck of bladder and urethra there will be | | | | 8) Homoeopathy:- |
| painful urination with bleeding.Urine comes drop by | | | | Homoeopathic drugs like carcinocin, conium, sabal, |
| drop. | | | | crotalus, thuja, iodum, selinium, staphysagria, sulphur |
| 4) Retention of urine:- | | | | ect can be given according to symptoms. |
| When the urethra is completely compressed there | | | | Constitutional homoeopathic medicine will give great |
| will be retention of urine. This can lead to | | | | relief and can increase the life span. |